Assess the arguments for and against the claim the American news media Essay

Survey the contentions for and against the case the American news media is intrinsically one-sided for radicalism - Essay Example On the opposite side of the coin, it is conceivable that the media may have a liberal predisposition and since nonconformists get what they need to see that is the reason dissidents are to the least extent liable to speak more loudly against journalistic spin in United States. This paper is an endeavor to investigate the equivalent by evaluating the contentions introduced by pundits, which are both for and against a liberal inclination in the American news media (Anderson, pp. 62-68, 2005). Journalistic prejudice alludes to â€Å"perceived quality of a news source whereby the individual news source, or the gathering the news source speaks to, has a reasonable ‘vested interest’ in a reason or activity comparative with keeping up or changing business as usual? (Furthermore, a one-sided journalistic point of view, at that point, would mean just one side, not at least two sides, of an issue is presented† (Alterman, pp. 210-212, 2004). Pundits preferring the presence of a liberal predisposition present numerous examinations which uncover that there are unmistakably more democrat columnists when contrasted with republican writers. For instance, an investigation directed in 1999 by the American Society of Newspaper editors uncovered that 61 percent of the newsroom respondents recognized themselves as democrats or their considerations look to some extent like that of democrats. Nonetheless, just a unimportant 10 percent of newsroom respondents distinguished that they either are republicans or accept that their musings are spoken to by the republican standards. Moreover, these rates change when one thinks about the little papers. The quantity of majority rule supporters’ drops down to 48 percent and the number for republicans ascend to 21 percent. This discussion got more warmth when the figures of the sums gave to just and republican gathering from the representatives of NBC, CBS and ABC hit on the scene. The D emocratic Party got the gifts of more than 1 million US dollars from around 1160

Array as a Function Return Type and Method Parameter

Cluster as a Function Return Type and Method Parameter Clusters in Delphi permit us to allude to a progression of factors by a similar name and to utilize a number (a file) to reveal to them separated. Heres a model number exhibit that can hold up to 7 (whole number) values. Note: this is a fixed-size static Delphi cluster statement. Exhibits as Function Return Types In Delphi, capacities are schedules that arrival a worth. At the point when you need a capacity to restore a cluster type variable, you may be enticed to utilize the following assertion: At the point when you attempt to accumulate this code, youll get the following aggregate time blunder: [Pascal Error] E2029 Identifier expected yet ARRAY found. Clearly, when you announce capacities that will return cluster esteem, you ca exclude list type specifiers bring affirmation back. So as to permit a capacity to restore an exhibit esteem, you first need to make a custom cluster type, at that point use it as an arrival work type: Exhibits as Method/Routine Properties Like utilizing exhibits as capacity return types, when you proclaim schedules that take cluster parameters, you ca exclude record type specifiers in the parameter statements.

The Hows and Whys of Cultivating Social Support

The Hows and Whys of Cultivating Social Support Stress Management Relationship Stress Print The Hows and Whys of Cultivating Social Support By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on February 06, 2020 jabejon / Getty Images More in Stress Management Relationship Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Studies on social support show that having one or two close and supportive friends is at least as valuable to emotional health as having a large group of friendly acquaintances or more shallow friendships. However, having social support from several supportive friends would be the best of both worlds. You probably already know if youre more comfortable with one good friend or many, but there are some good reasons to have at least a few different friends to fall back on: If you have only one person supporting you through difficult times, you may wear that person out, or feel unsupported if that person is unavailable. It’s better for everyone if you have at least a few people to depend on.You draw different benefits from different types of people. Having an outgoing friend to party with, a knowledgeable friend to gain information and insights from, and an empathic friend to be a good listener during tough times, for example, provides a better blend of social support than any one of these people alone could give.Your friends can bring out different qualities in one another that benefit all of you. For example, your outgoing friend could bring your shy empathic friend out of her shell, and the three of you could go out and party together. Plus, your friends can introduce you to more friends, giving you a greater pool of pre-screened potential friends.Studies show that a sense of belonging is extremely important for emotional health and well-being; tho se who have social support but dont feel a sense of belonging are much more likely to suffer from depression, for example. How to Meet New People If you’re not still in school or working for a large company with a built-in social structure and constant opportunities to meet new people, it’s still easy to build new friendships. Here are a few ways to meet new people: Join a Gym: If you’re not comfortable striking up a conversation with the person on the next Stairmaster, most gyms offer yoga, aerobics or even martial arts classes, which provide a more intimate setting and opportunities to meet people, perhaps finding a workout buddy.Get Involved in a Hobby: If you enjoy making things with your hands, perhaps you can enroll in a community art class. If you like writing, a writer’s workshop will provide a great opportunity to improve your writing skills and get to know other writers at the same time. Joining a class geared toward your interests ensures you’ll improve yourself, and you’ll meet people with whom you already have something in common! Volunteer! Getting involved with a charity you believe in will give you a sense of doing something positive to help the world, which has a great way of relieving stress in itself, and you’ll meet others with similarly big hearts and great passion for helping.Get a Pet: Not only will you derive physical and emotional benefits from being a pet owner, but you can also meet others at dog parks or pet stores. There are even park days for passionate rabbit owners! Let your ‘best friend’ help you connect with other (human) friends.Have a Party: If you invite all of your current friends and encourage each to bring a friend, you’ll have a pool of new people to meet. Plus, you may inspire your friends to throw their own parties, where you’ll meet even more new people.Smile! This one may sound simple, but if you give off an ‘approachable vibe’, you may find that you’re striking up conversations with new people wherever you go. Not all these conversations need to lead to a new fr iendship, but some might, and just one warm exchange with someone new can brighten up your day (and theirs)!

The Movie Mulan - 883 Words

Mulan is an animated film that was released in 1998 from Disney during third wave feminism, which features an Asian woman protagonist. She is a Disney princess, but at first glance you wouldn’t think so. Mulan is introduced as a clumsy tomboy who did not think she would ever bring honor to her family. In order to accomplish said honor, she would have to by being the perfect bride, in accordance with the matchmaker. The film has a great amount of feminist ideals, however, it doesn’t leave out stereotypical gender roles and several examples of overdetermined ideologies. Patriarchy is very prevalent in this film, from the woman characters positions, down to the songs they sing throughout the film, patriarchy is a theme that cannot be missed. This paper will discuss how feminine and masculine stereotypes are conveyed in the film, how gender stereotypes are portrayed, and of the patriarchal themes included in the film. In the beginning, Mulan is being prepared to be sent off to an establishment to uphold the family honor where she will be put through a series of test to make sure she is good enough to be a bride by the matchmaker. While she is being prepped, the seamstress and hair dresser (along with her mother and grandmother) start singing the song â€Å"Bring Honor To Us All†. The upbeat tune supports the idea that the only way she could possibly bring honor to her family is by becoming a quiet, rule following servant with â€Å"good breeding, and a tiny waist†. Also, â€Å"To make a goodShow MoreRelatedThe Movie Mulan 1471 Words   |  6 PagesMulan is a feature-length, animated film, released for distribution by Walt Disney Studios in 1998. Mulan was the ninth film released during the renaissance period of Disney film-making. Mulan was an adaptation of an age-old Chinese ballad detailing the life of a Chinese girl who chooses to assume the male gender in order to save her fat her from having to be conscripted into the Chinese Army. For the most part, Mulan was well received by the theatre going public, garnering over three hundred millionRead MoreMovie Review Of Mulan 761 Words   |  4 PagesTyra Banks Mrs. Shields ENGL 101-38 17 September 2017 Film Review: Mulan An animated Disney movie called Mulan, was directed by Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook in 1998. The moral of the story is that women can be just the same as men can. I support the general meaning of the movie. I believe men that and women should be treated equally and that women should not be seen as weak or frail. Women are more than just wives or slaves and can-do jobs that have traditionally been set-aside for men. They canRead MoreMovie Analysis : Mulan s Mulan 1876 Words   |  8 Pagesenjoying these plot twisting, mesmerizing and incredible creations is the hidden and indirect messages. The film Mulan, which was produced in 1998, may seem like a movie that simply demonstrates a young Chinese women going to war for her father’s sake and coming home as a successful female hero, when in fact, it portrays much more. Underneath the storyline and general message of the movie, Mulan constructs the identities of young, Chinese, middle class women as always needing to be in a hete rosexual relationshipRead MoreMovie Analysis : Mulan 2008 Words   |  9 PagesApril 2017 Film Analysis-Mulan Little girls everywhere spend their childhoods watching the princesses portrayed in Disney movies, dreaming about the day they too will meet their prince charming. They see how Sleeping Beauty is woken up by a prince, Cinderella marries a prince, Sleeping Beauty turns a beast into a prince, and countless other instances of a girl just like them meeting their perfect man. Disney is infamous for their outdated illustration of gender roles. Mulan is one of the first DisneyRead MoreMulan, By Tony Bancroft And Barry Cook1153 Words   |  5 Pages Mulan is Disney animation about a story with a strong woman protagonist, who is Fa Mulan, directed by Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook in 1998. The film is based on Chinese legendary story of Hua Mulan. Overall of the film shows Chinese Confucian and traditional values with unique regulation, culture, and traditional system in their society. According to diegetic elements of Mulan which is defined as elements that consists of events, characters, objects, settings, and sounds in the story, the mainRead MoreMulan Sexism Analysis1393 Words   |  6 PagesMulan Is Sexist Disney movies feature female characters in a variety of roles, from a damsel in distress needing a man’s help to a woman who becomes her own hero. Mulan is one Disney character who has a seemingly feminist role. The movie features an unordinary girl who is meant to bring honor to her family by being the perfect woman for a man to marry. However, that’s not who she truly is. When her father gets summoned to serve in the military, Mulan poses as a man and takes his place. She trainsRead MoreGender Representation Of Female Gender Roles Affect Society Through Social Oppression Of The Minority Group1110 Words   |  5 Pages Despite what seems to be positive empowerment of females alike, Mulan in fact does not encourage the individual empowerment of women through separation of traditional gender stereotypes. In fact, Mulan emphasizes the roles between binary genders that ensure privilege of men over women. Additionally, the film shows how such stereotypical gender rol es affect society through social oppression of the minority group. Throughout the film, it is obvious that, although it is possible to have genderRead MoreMul The American Comedy And Action Film Produced By Walt Disney978 Words   |  4 PagesMulan is a 1998 American comedy and action film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios featuring animations based on the Chinese legend of Hula Mulan. During the invasion by the Huns, the emperor of China asks for one man from each family to join the Chinese army. In order to save Mulan disable father from getting drafted, she secretly goes in his place and becomes one of China’s greatest heros. All though having her identity revealed, Mulan is still manages to defeat the Huns and restore herRead MoreMulan1185 Words   |  5 PagesHayden Ikerd Mr. Wheeler AP Literature 12 April, 2013 Thomas Foster’s Themes Traced in Mulan In his book How to Read Literature Like a Professor, Thomas Foster explains many reoccurring themes in literature, and shows how to recognize them and in some instances shows certain works where they occur. By reading this guide to literature, one may gain a deeper understanding of the work itself and of the author’s intent in writing it. However, Foster’s methods can also be applied to films. A filmRead MoreDoes Mulan Overthrow Oppressive Gender Norms?1308 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy Final Paper Does Mulan overthrow oppressive gender norms? In 1990, a novel was written by philosopher Judith Butler titled Gender Trouble. The importance of this novel was evident as it was a very controversial yet interesting analysis of the way we humans look at the topic of gender and sex. She explains throughout the book that our gender norms have been created by our ancestors and society. To many, crossing this boundary set by society is very deviant. Eight years after Gender

Essay on Twain is His Name, Even if He Was Born Samuel L....

Many people have heard of Mark Twain, but his real name is Samuel L. Clemens. He is one of the most influential authors in writing, and he is the guy with the white suit and a cigar (Brown, Don). His career has inspired many to become authors, but he faced many challenges in his older years, which affected his ideal of becoming wealthy. Nevertheless, he has had an impact on American Literature, securing him a spot in the History Hall of Fame. Mark Twain had a typical childhood for his time, but his older years were quite different. He was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri to Jane Clemens and John Clemens (â€Å"Mark Twain Biography†). Growing up on the Missouri River, he faced poverty, cruelty, and boredom as a child. He wanted to†¦show more content†¦Later, he wrote the book What is Man?, which explained how to become successful if you understand how to be correctly motivated. When Twain had become a wealthy man, he spent $200,000 on a Paige typesetting machine and investments on a publishing firm and eventually went bankrupt. Regardless, during his time ofbankruptcy, Twain began to publish more to get out of debt. He began to create the works for which he is best known. Mark Twain should be in the History Hall of Fame because he has changed the way we view literature. He gave us the classic adventure story The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He also gave us a â€Å"realistic prose style,† and used comedy to shun the pride he saw in humanity. In his book Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, he was accused of racism, but that didn’t stop him. His unique stories have inspired authors to develop more creative novels. Again, Mark Twain should be inducted into the History Hall of Fame because he has overcome the worst of challenges to give us world-known novels and inspiration. He may have been a person who just wanted to be rich, but his writings had a meaning. He gave us his own style of writing, and has been one of the most influe ntial authors in American Literature. As Mark Twain says, â€Å"Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter† (BrainyQuote). This is what kept him, and others, persistent in their careers. Now you know why Mark Twain should be in theShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Importance of Mark Twain in American Literature840 Words   |  4 PagesMark Twain in American Literature Mark Twain is important to American literature because of his novels and how they portray the American experience. Some of his best selling novels were Innocents Abroad, Life on the Mississippi, Huckleberry Finn, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. In these books, Mark Twain recalls his own adventures of steamboating on the Mississippi River. Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in a small village of Florida, Missouri. His parentsRead More Samuel Langhorne Clemens Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Langhorne Clemens Samuel Langhorne Clemens or commonly known as Mark Twain was an American writer and humorist. Twain’s writing is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of bad faith and oppression. Clemens was born in Florida and then later on moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a Mississippi river port, when he was four years old. There he received a public school education. After his father died in 1847, Clemens was assisted to two Hannibal printersRead MoreThe Secret Of Getting Ahead Is Getting Started1713 Words   |  7 Pagesgetting started.† - Mark Twain Writing imposing stories on a boy by the name of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn and the mighty Mississippi River, Mark Twain ventured the American soul with intelligence, optimism, and a keen eye for the truth. He became nothing less than a national treasure (AE Television). Early Life Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835, in a minute village of Florida, Missouri, he was the sixth child of Jane and John Clemens. At age 4, the Clemens family moved to nearRead More Mark Twain Essay2338 Words   |  10 Pages Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, is perhaps the most distinguished author of American Literature. Next to William Shakespeare, Clemens is arguably the most prominent writer the world has ever seen. In 1818, Jane Lampton found interest in a serious young lawyer named John Clemens. With the Lampton family in heavy debt and Jane only 15 years of age, she soon arried John. The family moved to Gainesboro, Tennessee where Jane gave birth to Orion Clemens. In the summer of 1827 theRead MoreMark Twain3000 Words   |  12 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Prologue. When I was thinking about the topic for my research paper I could not come up with any ideas. Then I looked through my entire English binder and realized that we had just learned about Mark Twain. I have learned about him but I did not know much about him. So I decided to write this multi-genre research paper in Mark Twain’s impact on American literature. I picked this topic because I find Twain’s personality very interesting. He is best known as the author of the AdventuresRead More Mark Twain Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain was a pilot, a comic lecturer, a humorist, a short story writer, and a novelist, to name a few of his many accomplishments. On November 30, 1835, Samuel Langhorne Clemens, otherwise known as Mark Twain, became the first man of any importance ever to be born west of the Mississippi River. He has become an icon as the American writer. This is because his way of writing cannot be simulated by Europeans or anyone else, due to the fact that the western setting of America creates aRead More mark twain Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pages Samuel Clemens/Mark Twain 1835-1910 Samuel Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri, the sixth of seven children. At the age of four, Sam and his family moved to the small frontier town of Hannibal, Missouri on the banks of the Mississippi River. Missouri, at the time, was a fairly new state (it had gained statehood in 1820) and comprised part of the countrys western border. It was also a slave state. Sams father owned one slave and his uncle owned several. In fact, it was onRead MoreEssay Mark Twain2590 Words   |  11 PagesMark Twain As one of Americas first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain, usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experience. # Two of his best-known novels show this trait, in his Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain immortalized the sleepy little town of Hannibal,Read MoreEvolution of the American Short Story1077 Words   |  4 PagesTime Periods. The American Romantics Time Period is where America was trying to establish things as a new country and was figuring out how to run the government. One of the authors from this time was Washington Irving, he wrote the story â€Å"Rip Van Winkle.† He was born on April 3, 1783 and died in 1859. Irving is best recognized for his works â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† and â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.† This story was written when fiction writing was believed to be harmful to the public. In this story, Irving obliquelyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1542 Words   |  7 Pages Over the last 130 years â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† has been called everything from a piece of trash to a national treasure. Mark Twain, whose real name is Samuel Clemens wrote â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.† Only one month after it was published, librarians in Concord, Massachusetts had it banned. â€Å"He has had his problems with librarians from the start when, in 1885, â€Å"those moral-ice-bergs,† the Library Committee of Concord−symbolic seat of freedom−pronounced the book rough, coarse

Leadership Approaches Free Essays

Leadership implies the ability to guide, direct, or influence people. In a certain family owned coffee plantation, the need arose for a quick decision on enlisting the company into the stock exchange. Given its rising fortunes, future prospects and need to acquire addition expansion capital, this was a good move. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Approaches or any similar topic only for you Order Now But this is a family-owned business, and selling its shares to the public might amount to selling the family’s fortune away. The first son who had the running of the company under his hands had to take the decision. He was not a professional in the business, so he called for two separate meetings of the company board and the family. Having heard collectively, he was able to sell 50% of the company shares to the public, leaving 50% to the family members, discretionary rights to buy as much of the public offers as they are able. Groups  of  people  living in bands have no formal leadership, and all people have input in making group decisions. Most decision-making in tribes occurs within households. Occasionally, most or all members of lineages or clans convene to make important village decisions, such as about dealing with neighboring tribes. Descent groups may also regulate access to crucial resources, such as favored hunting areas, and choose where people will live. (Bodley, 2006) According to Max de Pree  (1924  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  ), the best management process for today’s environment is participative management based on covenantal relationships. Industrial Management, in business, is a term used to describe the techniques and expertise of efficient organization, planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business. Industrial management and the managerial grid Thus the style approach tends to analyze the individuals involved and see how best to harness their collective contributions to realizing the collective company goals. This is explained below: Technical: The technical ingenuity of an individual alone can not accomplish the required task and as such technical expertise is best utilized in team work, especial at the middle and supervisory levels. Human: The Human Resources of a skilled employer depends on training. For the top levels, this is most essential because it defines the course the company has to follow. Also, for the supervisory and middle level, an average proficiency is needed. Conceptual: the conceptual power of the middle level brings up growth while that of the top level drives this growth and ensures its sustenance. The managerial grid simply defines a hierarchy of flow of management in a leadership set-up. It clearly defines positions of authority and responsibility by all involved. A managerial grid, which consists of the CEO as the boss, includes the administrative, finance, operational and marketing management is it line of responsibilities. Work flows progressively, with each division taking decisions it is well vested on or its line of duty. Major decisions are taken by the board comprising of the CEO and managers. This enables the company to take sound and fair decisions which is responsive to the general interest of the company’s sustenance. In the theory of industrial management, organization has two principal aspects. One relates to the establishment of so-called lines of responsibility, drawn usually in the form of an organization chart that designates the executives of the business, from the president to the foreperson or department head, and specifies the functions for which they are responsible. The other principal aspect relates to the development of a staff of qualified executives. The Managing Director or CEO is the most senior manager of a company. The managing director is responsible for the day-to-day running of the company, but has a seat on the board of directors. The managing director may also be the chairman of the company, but in large companies the role of chairman is usually separate from that of managing director. He works with the Board of Directors or a group of directors elected by stockholders at the annual general meeting of a company to supervise the running of the company. Executive directors are managers of a company, working full time and with salaries paid by the company. Nonexecutive directors have no management position and are likely to look after the affairs of the company on a part-time basis. The  top  managers  of  a corporation are appointed or dismissed by a corporation’s board of directors, which represents stockholders’ interests. However, in practice, the board of directors is often made up of people who were nominated by the top managers of the company. Members of the board of directors are elected by a majority of voting stockholders, but most stockholders vote for the nominees recommended by the current board members. Stockholders can also vote by proxy—a process in which they authorize someone else, usually the current board, to decide how to vote for them. Businesses  rely  on  effective human resource management (HRM) to ensure that they hire and keep good employees and that they are able to respond to conflicts between workers and management. HRM specialists initially determine the number and type of employees that a business will need over its first few years of operation. They are then responsible for recruiting new employees to replace those who leave and for filling newly created positions. A business’s HRM division also trains or arranges for the training of its staff to encourage worker productivity, efficiency, and satisfaction, and to promote the overall success of the business. Finally, human resource managers create workers’ compensation plans and benefit packages for employees. Planning in industrial management has three principal aspects. One is the establishment of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials, and supplies; and accounting. The second aspect relates to the implementation of these policies by departments. The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision and guidance by the executive in authority; in this connection a distinction is generally made between top management, which is essentially administrative in nature, and operative management, which is concerned with the direct execution of policy. Control involves the use of records and reports to compare performance with the established standards for work. Industrial management as just defined dates from the latter part of the 19th century. A notable impetus to its evolution was provided by the American engineer Frederick Taylor, who developed techniques for analyzing the operations involved in production and for setting standards for a day’s work. The techniques originally devised by Taylor were adapted by industrialists to other phases of business, including the employment of qualified workers, and wage incentive programs either to replace or to supplement the piecework system that had previously prevailed. Industrial management experts who succeeded Taylor have applied his techniques to a wider range of business problems. Among the leading successors are the Austrian-American management consultant and educator Peter Drucker and the American economist, writer, and diplomat John Kenneth Galbraith. New  explanations  and  fresh policies were urgently required; this was precisely what Keynes supplied. In his enduring work The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, the central message translates into two powerful propositions. (1) Existing explanations of unemployment he declared to be nonsense: Neither high prices nor high wages could explain persistent depression and mass unemployment. (2) Instead, he proposed an alternative explanation of these phenomena focused on what he termed aggregate demand—that is, the total spending of consumers, business investors, and governmental bodies. When aggregate demand is low, he theorized, sales and jobs suffer; when it is high, all is well and prosperous. From  these  generalities flowed a powerful and comprehensive view of economic behavior—the basis of contemporary macroeconomics. Because consumers were limited in the amounts that they could spend by the size of their incomes, they could not be the source of the ups and downs of the business cycle. It followed that the dynamic forces were business investors and governments. In a recession or depression, the proper thing to do was either to enlarge private investment or create public substitutes for the shortfalls in private investment. In mild economic contractions, easy credit and low interest rates (monetary policy) might stimulate business investments and restore aggregate demand to a figure consistent with full employment. More severe contractions required the sterner remedy of deliberate budget deficits either in the form of spending on public works or subsidies to afflicted groups. Some  big  corporations established overseas operations and became multinational. Producers in the United States depended on world markets to buy oil, iron, steel, and food that they exported. They also increased their overseas investments. Standard Oil (later Exxon), for instance, developed oil resources in Venezuela and the Middle East. Coca-Cola swept through Europe, where it set up bottling factories. New types of bureaucrats ran the big businesses of postwar America. In The Organization Man (1956), sociologist William H. Whyte wrote that employers sought managers who would adapt to corporate culture, which rewarded teamwork and conformity. The essential characteristic of the behavioral approach to learning is that events in the environment are understood to predict a person’s behavior, not thoughts, feelings, or other events that take place inside the person. Strict behaviorists believe that it is dangerous and unscientific to treat thoughts and feelings as the causes of a person’s behavior, because no one can see another person’s thoughts or feelings. Behaviorists maintain that human learning can be explained by examining the stimuli, reinforces, and punishments that a person experiences. According to behaviorists, reinforcement and punishment, along with other basic principles such as generalization and discrimination, can explain even the most advanced types of human learning, such as learning to read or to solve complex problems. Conclusion In the situation described above, the head of the family coffee company simply executed collective leadership. The leader behavior thus makes sense when you realize the amount of gains that has been added to the company based on this sharp approach. This supports the leadership theory described and it has helped me to understand my feelings and behavior in this particular situation. Business  plays  a  vital role in the life and culture of countries with industrial and postindustrial (service- and information-based) free-market economies such as the United States. In free-market systems, prices and wages are primarily determined by competition, not by governments. In the United States, for example, many people buy and sell goods and services as their primary occupations. In 2001 American companies sold in excess of $10 trillion worth of goods and services. Businesses provide just about anything consumers want or need, including basic necessities such as food and housing, luxuries such as whirlpool baths and wide-screen televisions, and even personal services such as caring for children and finding companionship. A typical example of a non-collective leadership is in a one-man business. The Entrepreneur thus is one who assumes the responsibility and the risk for a business operation with the expectation of making a profit. The entrepreneur generally decides on the product, acquires the facilities, and brings together the labor force, capital, and production materials. If the business succeeds, the entrepreneur reaps the reward of profits; if it fails, he or she takes the loss. In his writings, the Austrian-American economist Joseph A. Schumpeter stressed the role of the entrepreneur as an innovator, the person who develops a new product, a new market, or a new means of production. One important example was Henry Ford. In the industrialized economies of the late 20th century, giant corporations and conglomerates have largely replaced the individual owner-operator. There is still a place for the entrepreneur, however, in small businesses as well as in the developing economies of the Third World nations. (Redmond, 2006) References Bodley, John H. â€Å"Culture.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 Dryzek, John. â€Å"Political Science† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 Redmond, WA â€Å"Entrepreneur.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 Redmond, WA â€Å"Industrial Management.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 Redmond, WA â€Å"Invention (device or process).† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 How to cite Leadership Approaches, Essay examples

Material of Safety Rolling

Introduction Engineers design and manufacture products from various materials. The materials used in the design must meet some constraints or threshold.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Material of Safety Rolling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The following are some of the requirements these materials must meet; withstand stress and strain or loads, be insulators or conductors of heat and electricity, be magnetic or non magnetic, light transmitters or reflectors, resistant to harsh environmental conditions, cost less, able to serve the purposes and impact less on the environment. Designing things not only requires materials but it also demands the application of correct process. The process should not just be any—the chosen process must be compatible with the material that is used (Ashby Johnson, 2002). Today, almost all the materials used were developed over a hundred years ago Over 200 000 materia ls are available to be chosen by engineers, leaving manufacturers, designers, engineers with a challenge that our forefathers experienced in decisively choosing from this long list of options. Selecting the right material and process is driven by factors including material performance, cost-cutting measures and efficiency, and minimizing environmental damage. Innovative design implies envisaging the use of the properties presented to us by different materials. Today, these properties can be found from well documented engineering books. Nonetheless, advances in computer technology have even made things much easier in terms of storage manipulation, thanks to computer aided design. Thinking strategically is imperative when it comes to matching material to design safety rolling. The shape of the final product made determines the choice of the process and vice versa. The relation is two- way traffic —the process too affects the shape, the size, the accuracy and, the price of a com ponent.Advertising Looking for assessment on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Specifying the shape limits the option of material and process, similarly, specifying the process restricts the materials to be used and the types of shapes they form. The more complicated the design is the more you will be limited to the specifications. This explains the close relationship between the two. The relationship between material, shape and process is at the core of the selection process. Material selection strategy is needed to deal with the problem of designing material of safety rolling. The processes steps to be followed include: Translation: Design constraints, objective and free variables Translation is ‘‘the process of adapting the design attributes for a component into a statement of function, constraints, objectives and free variables’’. Function means the work that the component can perform. A constraint is an indispensable requirement that must be achieved and is presented as a limit on a material or process quality. An objective is the quantity for which limits (maximum or minimum values) are identified, usually cost, mass or volume, among others. Constraints are applied in the process of screening to isolate candidates that are able to perform the function. Objectives are employed in the ranking process to isolate the materials available that can perform the function. Free variables are the limits or constraints of the material that can be changed by the designer. Material of safety rolling must meet some constraints, but at the same time attain the objective of safety on the environment. The constraints of materials of safety rolling include; material of less toxic elements, Maximum use temperature 600 C, corrosive resistant, maximum strength to withstand breakage, stress, strain; and capacity to be manufactured cheaply. Objective: Maximize the strength of safety rolling; hence maximize safety of the material on the environment at the same time making it strong withstand any strain and stress to avoid breakage when rolling. Free variables are the parameters that can be changed to maximize the objective.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Material of Safety Rolling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The designer is at liberty to alter measurements that are limited to the design requirements. The designer is free to select any material for the component. Free variables for material for safety rolling can be the choice of the material and the cross- sectional area (Callister, 2003). Screening: Five feasible materials for preliminary consideration This step gets rid of materials that cannot perform the specified function. It is either because one or more of their characteristics does not fall in the extreme values- maximum and minimum of the constraints. For example, the con straint that â€Å"the constituent must function in boiling water† or that â€Å"the constituent must not be opaque† sets clear maximum value on the aspect of maximum performance heat and optical properties that qualified candidates must fulfill. Based on the design objective of material of safety rolling, materials that can be preliminarily considered include; metals, polymers, elastomers, ceramics, and glasses. Materials includes the family ‘Metals’, which is further classified into smaller classes like ‘Aluminum alloys’, and other sub-classes. Every material is classified based on a set of characteristics, design properties, the ecological impacts and the applications of the material. This is commonly known as property profile. Selection process comprises, marrying the right property profiles of the materials in the world and that which is needed by the design. The materials from a particular family have similar properties. Metals are fairl y stiff, calculated by the modulus, E. Nearly all metals are soft and can be deformed easily in their natural state; this implies that ÏÆ'y is low. Metals can be strengthened by adding alloys and by mechanical and heat treatment, raising ÏÆ'y, however they retain their ductility, making it possible to be made by the process deformation. Generally speaking metals are tough, with a high fracture toughness of K1c. They conduct both heat and electricity. Ceramics are non-metallic, inorganic solids, common ones are porcelain or alumina—the material widely used in spark-plug insulators. They have numerous desirable characteristics.Advertising Looking for assessment on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their properties include; stiffness, hard and resistant to abrasive force, maintains their strength when exposed to extreme heat, and they are corrosion resistant. Large portions are used as perfect insulators. But they have disadvantages: unlike metals, they can easily break, and have low K1c. This makes it almost impossible for ceramics to withstand low stress levels (such as holes or cracks) or for extreme joint stresses (like a clamp point). As result of this major drawback, it is easier to design with metals than ceramics. The third group of material are the glasses, these materials are solid, non-crystalline (‘amorphous’). Commonly occurring glasses are the soda-lime and borosilicate glasses widely called bottles and Pyrex ovenware. Other materials are abundant. The absence of crystalline structures stifles their plasticity, thus, similar to ceramics, glasses are hard and extremely resistant to corrosion. They are non conductors and are used as conductors, indeed, they allow light to pass through. Nevertheless, ceramics are brittle and susceptible to stress and strain conditions. Polymers are organic solid compounds with long strands of carbon (or, in several, silicon) atoms. Polymers are not heavy—their densities Ï  are low compared with other lighter metals. Their modulus E is approximately 50 times less compared with other materials like those of metals. They are floppy, strong, and because they are less dense, the strength per unit weight of polymers can be equated to that of metals. Their characteristics are varied based on the changes in temperature hence a polymer that is tough and flexible at room temperature might become brittle at the lower temperatures. But can become tender at boiling point.. Beyond 100 degrees centigrade the strength of polymers becomes useless. You can use these properties in the design. They can be easily shaped (thus the name plastics) thus sophisticated products doing different job are produced from one polymer in just one process. Their characteristics are perfectly suitable for components that stick together, necessitating rapid assembly and less expensive. By precisely determining the size of the mold and prior application of color on the polymer, finishing operations are not required. A well designed process maximizes all the above properties. Elastomers are mostly materials of rubber bands and sports shoes. These are polymers with exceptional properties. The stiffness, determined by E, is very low. Compared with metals, they are 500–5000 times more. The other unique property is that they are capable of being stretched several times their original length but retain their original shape after the stretch. In spite of low stiffness, elastomers are strong and tough. This makes them suitable for car tires (Callister, 2003). Ranking: Comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the five materials After screening, the materials are then ranked using material indices. Mat erial property cannot rule out those that are retained. It only aids in ranking those that remain. In order to achieve it an optimization criterion is required. This is embodied in the material indices developed, which measures how perfectly the material has survived the screening process and hence can perform the function. The ability to perform the job is to some extent constrained by either one or more properties. The property or property class that optimizes the capacity to perform a given function for a particular design is known as material index. There are several indices, with every index designed to maximize specific attribute of performance. They present standards of excellence that permit ranking of materials by their capacity to perform well in certain applications. To sum it up whereas screening eliminates materials that have the ability to perform the work, ranking isolates those materials presented that can perform the job better. Re-examining our materials; metals, p olymers, elastomers, ceramics, and glasses it is possible to rank them from the worst suited to the best suited for the job. Starting with metals, they have several advantages. Metals are stiffer, easily deformed in their pure state, can be strengthened by alloying, retain ductility after treatment, and finally they are good conductors of heat and electricity. They have only disadvantages namely; most are corrosive, some are toxic, cancerous and react with other elements. The ceramics have the following advantages; they are stiff, hard and resistant to abrasive force, retain their strength when exposed to extreme heat, and they are resist corrosion. But ceramics have disadvantages too: unlike metals, they are fragile, and have a low K1c. The Advantages of glasses include: easily available, the materials are plenty, hard, resistant to corrosion, and transparent. The disadvantages of glasses can identified as, poor conductors of electricity and heat, vulnerable to stress concentration s and lastly they are brittle. Advantages of polymers: can be easily shaped, hence sophisticated products doing different job are produced from one polymer in just a single operation and stick together, require no finishing operations. Advantages of Elastomers: stiff, easily stretched and return to original shapes and length, tough and strong. The main disadvantage of elastomers is that they are not stiff. The merits and demerits of the five materials leave us with two materials at the top to be considered. The materials can be ranked from the most preferred based on the number of advantages and design limits and properties. Ranked at the top (most preferred) are metals followed by elastomers, polymers, ceramics and glasses (the least preferred) material to be considered. As was aforementioned, metals have other subclasses like alloys- steel, iron, zinc Lead, aluminium, tin and copper. Documentations: Detailed evidence of the key material related to the design constrictions, objecti ves and free variables Documentation is different from the ordered property information employed in the screening process. Normally, it is a description, graphical presentation or pictures and charts of the case studies of earlier functions of the material, success analysis and facts on the corrosion, data about availability and costs, among others. This kind of information can be retrieved from various sources like handbooks, manufacture’s data sheets, case studies of use, and success or failure studies. Documentation aids in narrowing down the selection choice to a final option, permitting final selection to be made between design constraints and material characteristics. Screening and ranking help to reduce or simply eliminate the materials that are not suitable for the job. Without these two steps, then the choices from which to select is vast hence the volume of documentation becomes cumbersome. Closing eyes and blindly choosing any material is an exercise in futility. H owever, after a reasonable number of materials have been isolated by the screening process and ranking step, an in depth analysis (documentation) can be done for the few remaining materials, and the exercise becomes feasible. Figure 1: A flow diagram of selection a process, which is similar to material selection. Metals: metals have various properties- chemical properties, physical properties, thermal properties and mechanical properties. Mechanical properties A steel ruler can ‘elastically’ bend with ease—‘elastically’ implies that it returns back after being released. The elastic stiffness is because of two factors- shape and property of steel itself. Thin size enables it to bend easily and the elastic modulus E is also high. The point here is the steel ruler can bend elastically, although if it is a good one, it is not possible to make it permanently bend. Permanent deformation is linked to the strength of the material but not stiffness. The ease with which a ruler bends permanently is determined by the shape and the different properties of the steel—namely the yield strength, ÏÆ'y. Materials with huge ÏÆ'y, such as titanium alloys, are difficult to bend permanently even if their stiffness, emanating from E, might be low; metals with low ÏÆ'y, for example lead, can bend without any difficulty. When metals bend they become even much stronger. A concept commonly referred to as ‘work hardening’), of course the extreme limits must not be exceeded, called the tensile strength, ÏÆ'ts, exceeding this limit the material deforms. This property of steel makes it a perfect choice of materials of safety rolling. Thermal properties Metal properties change with changes in temperature, generally for the worse. Metals lose their strength at different heat levels. They can oxidize, degrade or worse of are decomposed. It goes without saying that metals have a limiting temperature known as the maximum service temperatu re, Tmax, beyond this their application is not viable. Stainless steel has a highest Tmax—it may be applied up to 800 °C. But most polymers have relatively low Tmax and are rarely used beyond 150 °C. This difference in properties makes it easy to isolate materials. Electrical, magnetic and optical properties Without electrical conductivity man would not have easy access to light, heat, power, control and communication. Metals are good conductors. Copper and aluminum top the list of cheap conductors. Although conductivity to some extent is undesirable fuse boxes, switch casings, the suspensions for power transmission lines all need to be insulted. Materials with high resistivity, Ï e, are required the reverse the electrical conductivity ÃŽ ºe. Many plastics and glass have high resistance thus are used as insulators—although, with special treatment, they can become conductors. There is a close relationship between electricity and magnetism. Electric currents genera te magnetic fields; a rotating magnet creates an electric current to any close conductor (Bralla 1998). Chemical properties Most of the time metals operate in antagonistic environments, subjected to corrosive substances like fluids, to hot gases or to even radioactive radiation. Conditions that corrode metals include damp air, water, the sweat on people’s hands and other corrosive environments. Therefore, for the material or metal to withstand the corrosion, then it must be designed with materials that are less corrosive or at times can be coated with materials which can withstand the environments where they are used. Common surroundings include fresh and salt water, acids and bases, organic solvents, and oxidizing flames (Ashby Johnson, 2002). Final Choice The choice of process is limited by the choice of the material selected. For instance, compared with other materials it is easy to mould polymers. Elastic materials can be forged, rolled and drawn as opposed to materials that are delicate and hence must be shaped in other ways. Materials that thaw at relatively low temperatures and low-viscosity liquids can be cast, while others can be processed by other methods. The shape of the material and product also determines the choice of process. Slender shapes can be designed easily by rolling or drawing but not by casting. It is hard to make hollow shapes by forging, but they can be made by casting or molding. There are different classifications of processes. Manufacturing processes are categorized under the following heading; Primary processes which creates shapes. Primary forming processes include: casting, molding, deformation, powder methods, methods for forming composites, special methods including rapid prototyping. Next are the secondary processes which aim at modifying the shapes or properties. In most cases they are depicted as ‘machining’, which adds some features to an already shaped product, and ‘heat treatment’, whic h improves surface or bulkiness of the properties. Under these we have joining and, lastly, surface treatment (Bralla, 1998). Just like the flow diagram of the selection process of material, a step by step of a manufacturing process can be drawn. Nevertheless, the arrangement of the steps can vary based on the constraints of the design. Basically, three process families have been identified moving from shaping to joining and finally to finishing. It is critical to revisit our major goal of safety rolling i.e. the material being friendly on the environment and at the same time meets some constraints, of safe rolling, material of less toxic elements, maximum use temperature 600 C, corrosive resistant, maximum strength to withstand breakage, stress, strain, and the capacity to be manufactured cheaply. But of course the Objective remains: to maximize the strength of safety rolling; hence maximize safety of the material on the environment at the same time making it strong to withstand any strain and stress to avoid breakage when rolling. Comparing lead and Aluminium, the latter can be the most preferred metal with such properties which is less hazardous both to the environment and human beings. Moreover, it can be safely rolled because it is less ductile. But coating as a way of finishing, increases the cost of the manufacturing process. On the contrary, coating as a finishing process is justified because it hardens, safeguards, or makes the surface more attractive thereby increases its value. In a nutshell, materials have properties like density, strength, cost, and the ability to resist corrosion. Proper design demands a particular profile. It is imperative to begin with the whole set of choices of materials as options. Without going through the steps selection process, the entire process is doomed from the start. The process of engineering design is a multifaceted process for which there is hardly ever a precise right accurate solution. An in depth knowledge o f the loop connecting or linking the function, materials, processes and the shape of materials is inevitable. The right choice of material can minimize costs, and damage on the environment. References Ashby, M.F. and Johnson, K. (2002). Materials and Design the Art and Science of  Material Selection in Product Design, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Bralla, J.G. (1998) Design for Manufacturability Handbook, 2nd edition, McGraw- Hill, New York, USA Callister, W.D. (2003) Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 6th edition, John Wiley, New York, USA. This assessment on Material of Safety Rolling was written and submitted by user Xavi A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.